The state of knowledge of cadmium in New Zealand agricultural systems: 2021

Cadmium (Cd) has accumulated in New Zealand agricultural systems, predominantly from the application of phosphorus (P) fertiliser to soils. Elevated Cd concentrations soils are an important issue due their potential adverse effects on food quality, soil health, land use flexibility, and environment. This paper reports our current knowledge summarising published unpublished research that been undertaken over last 30 years better understand, improve, manage We found wide ranging, investigating factors such as uptake plants animals, rate inputs, transformation losses soils, bioavailability, development animal mass-balance models, well identifying testing strategies remediation options accumulation systems. is then placed alongside policy regulatory context for managing systems Zealand, including national management strategies. Finally, key gaps presented, along with some directions future.